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If you are reading this, you might be considering therapy for the first time, searching for a psychologist who truly understands contemporary life stress, or perhaps you are an existing client curious to know more about the person sitting across from you in sessions. Either way, I am glad you are here. My name is Sarah Fischer, and I am the Principal Psychologist at Behavioural Edge Psychology. I wanted to take a moment to introduce myself properly, not just with credentials and qualifications (though we will get to those), but as a person who genuinely cares about the work we do together. The Journey Here Like many psychologists, I did not stumble into this field by accident. I completed my undergraduate and graduate studies in psychology because I was fascinated by what makes organisations and people thrive. I became a registered psychologist with AHPRA endorsement in organisational psychology. In 2023, I completed my PhD, researching topics that have become central to my work: leadership, psychological safety, trust at work, and how organisations navigate change. These are not just academic interests for me. They are the threads that connect everything I do, from individual therapy to workplace assessments. From Boardrooms to Consulting Rooms Before founding Behavioural Edge Psychology, I held executive leadership positions at Safer Care Victoria. As Director of Clinical Governance, Culture, and Capability, and Acting Executive Director of Safety, I led transformational initiatives across all 76 of Victoria's public health services. I managed multi-million dollar programmes, coached board members and executives, and developed frameworks for improving safety culture that are now used across the country. It was meaningful work. Important work. But something was missing. I could see the statistics, the patterns, the systemic issues. But I also saw the individuals: managers burning out under impossible demands, healthcare workers carrying vicarious trauma home, leaders struggling to maintain their humanity whilst navigating institutional pressures. I realised that whilst systems-level change is crucial, I wanted to be in the room with those individuals, helping them navigate their unique challenges. That is what brought me to private practice. Two Worlds, One Approach Today, I maintain a foot in both worlds. I run Behavioural Edge Psychology from two locations (Caulfield South and St Kilda) and via telehealth, serving clients across Victoria and beyond. I also continue as Wellbeing Manager at the Victorian Bar, supporting over 2,300 barristers through the unique psychological demands of legal practice. This dual role is not accidental. It keeps me connected to the systemic realities of workplace mental health whilst allowing me to provide the individualised, trauma-informed care that makes a real difference in people's lives. What You Can Expect If you are wondering what it is like to work with me, here is what matters most: I do not believe in one-size-fits-all psychology. Your experience is unique, and your therapy should be too. I draw from multiple evidence-based approaches (trauma-informed frameworks, cognitive-behavioural and dialectical-behavioural therapies, acceptance and commitment therapy, somatic interventions) and tailor them to what you actually need. I understand the complexity of adult life.  My clients are often juggling demanding careers, families, interpersonal relationship challenges, late identified neurodivergence, workplace trauma, or simply trying to understand why they have always felt different. I get it. I have seen these patterns from multiple angles, and I know how to help you navigate them. I see individuals within systems.  Having worked at the executive level, I understand that your distress is not happening in a vacuum. Sometimes, the "problem" is not you at all, but the system you are in. I will help you see the bigger picture whilst developing practical strategies for your immediate concerns. What I Specialise In My practice has several core areas: ·      Individual therapy for adults  dealing with stress, burnout, trauma, anxiety, depression, and career challenges. ·      Adult neurodivergent assessments , particularly for those who have reached adulthood wondering why they have always felt different (this is especially common for women and people who have developed sophisticated masking strategies). ·      Workplace psychological assessments , including psychosocial incident evaluations for legal matters, workers' compensation cases, and Fair Work proceedings ·      Fitness-to-work and return-to-work assessments  that balance organisational needs with individual wellbeing. ·      Organisational psychology consulting  for businesses serious about workplace psychological safety. I am also a NDIS registered provider and continuously expanding my trauma-informed practice to ensure comprehensive care is accessible to those who need it most. Beyond the Credentials Here is what you will not find in my CV, but what matters just as much: I am endlessly curious about the intersection of evidence-based practice and holistic healing. I bring that curiosity into my work because I believe healing happens not just through clinical interventions, but through being truly seen, understood, and met where you are. When I am not in session, I am usually working on practice development, contributing to professional psychology communities, staying current with research, or spending time with my friends and family: my husband, daughters, and three dogs who keep me grounded in what matters most. An Invitation Whether you are here because you are struggling with workplace stress, questioning if you might be neurodivergent, healing from trauma, or simply feeling stuck, I want you to know this: you are not alone, and there is a path forward. If you are looking for a psychologist who combines executive-level understanding of workplace dynamics with intimate clinical care, who offers specialised expertise with flexible thinking, and who brings professional excellence alongside human warmth, I would be honoured to support your journey. You are extraordinary. Let me help keep you that way. Ready to take the next step? You can book an appointment through my online booking system  or reach me directly at sarah.fischer@behaviouraledgepsychology.com . I work from two locations: 223 North Road, Caulfield South VIC 3162 22 Alma Road, St Kilda VIC 3182 Telehealth appointments are also available via video conference and telephone. I am a registered provider with Medicare (Better Access Initiative), WorkSafe Victoria (WorkCover), and the NDIS, and I hold professional indemnity and public liability insurance through Aon. I look forward to meeting you. Dr Sarah Fischer Principal Psychologist Behavioural Edge Psychology

Putting on a brave face is not good organisational practice Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) are a cornerstone of workplace wellbeing strategies, offering employees access to confidential support for personal and professional challenges. Despite their potential to enhance employee engagement, productivity, and overall mental health, EAPs often face low utilisation rates. Understanding the barriers to uptake is crucial for organisations aiming to foster a supportive and thriving workplace culture. Why isn't utilisation higher? 1. Stigma Around Mental Health One of the most significant barriers to EAP utilisation is the lingering stigma associated with seeking mental health support. Employees may fear being judged or perceived as weak by their peers or managers. This stigma can deter individuals from accessing the help they need, even when it's readily available. Solution:  Organisations must normalise conversations about mental health. Leadership can play a pivotal role by openly discussing their own experiences and encouraging a culture of acceptance and support. Behavioural Edge Psychology can help you break down stigma authentically. We support organisational leaders to normalise mental health as fundamental to a good employee experience. 2. Lack of Awareness Many employees are unaware of the EAP services available to them or how to access them. This lack of awareness often stems from insufficient communication during onboarding or a lack of ongoing reminders. Solution:  Regularly promote EAP services through multiple channels, such as emails, intranet updates, team meetings, and posters. Clear and consistent messaging ensures that employees know where to turn when they need support. Chat to Behavioural Edge Consutling about how to meaningfully engage your staff about your EAP service. 3. Concerns About Confidentiality Even in workplaces with a strong culture of openness, employees may worry about the confidentiality of EAP services. They might fear that their personal struggles could be disclosed to their employer or colleagues. Solution:  Emphasise the confidentiality of EAP services in all communications. Partner with reputable EAP providers and ensure employees understand that their privacy is protected. Consider supplementing EAP with offering employees to approach trusted mental health providers if they prefer, like Behavioural Edge Consulting. Organisations will not receive utilisation reports, but employee may feel more comfortable with this arrangement. And isn't seeking and obtaining help with wellbeing really the goal? 4. Perception of EAPs as Reactive EAPs are often viewed as a reactive measure, addressing issues only after they have escalated. This perception can limit their appeal, as employees may not see the value in using the service proactively. Solution:  Reframe EAPs as a proactive resource for maintaining wellbeing, not just a crisis intervention tool. Highlight the diverse range of services offered, such as financial coaching, legal advice, and wellness workshops. Consider offering access to trusted mental health providers if they prefer, like Behavioural Edge Consulting, who can offer both coaching and psychological services. Behavioural Edge Psychology supports developing professional proactively, as well as offering support with things get too much. 5. Cultural and Industry Variations EAP uptake can vary significantly across industries and cultural contexts. For example, industries with gender imbalance or generational imbalance may experience lower utilisation rates due to traditional notions of about self-reliance and 'soldiering on'. Solution:  Tailor EAP promotion strategies to the unique needs and demographics of your workforce. Engage employees in focus groups or surveys to understand their specific barriers and preferences. Behavioural Edge Psychology can help you explore and understand your employees attitudes and preferences for wellbeing support. We are uniquely capable with all manner of organisational research methods to generate accurate, practical recommendations to help you and your business get the edge above the rest. What next? While EAPs hold immense potential to support employee wellbeing, their success depends on more than just implementation. By addressing the barriers to uptake—stigma, awareness, confidentiality, perception, and cultural nuances—organisations can maximise the impact of their EAPs and create a workplace where employees feel empowered to seek support. Contact me to learn how we can support you and your tallented, exceptional people.

In today’s fast-paced work environment, stress is almost inevitable. Whether you're managing deadlines, navigating workplace dynamics, or balancing personal responsibilities, the pressure can sometimes feel overwhelming. One highly effective tool to combat stress is self-talk. This inner dialogue can significantly enhance resilience, helping you to stay calm, focused, and motivated even in the most challenging situations. What Is Self-Talk? Self-talk is the internal conversation we have with ourselves throughout the day. It’s the running commentary in our minds that reflects our thoughts, beliefs, and attitudes. Self-talk can be positive or negative, and it plays a crucial role in how we perceive and respond to stress. How Positive Self-Talk Builds Resilience 1. Reframing Negative Thoughts:  When faced with a stressful situation, it’s easy to fall into a cycle of negative thinking. Phrases like “I can’t handle this” or “This is too much for me” can dominate our thoughts. Positive self-talk encourages us to reframe these thoughts into more constructive ones, such as “I can manage this one step at a time” or “I’ve overcome challenges before, and I can do it again.” This shift in perspective helps to reduce anxiety and build resilience. 2. Enhancing Problem-Solving Skills:  Positive self-talk can improve our ability to think clearly and approach problems more effectively. When we remind ourselves that we are capable and resourceful, we’re more likely to come up with creative solutions to the challenges we face. For example, telling yourself “I can figure this out” can open up new avenues for problem-solving and reduce the sense of helplessness. 3. Boosting Confidence and Self-Efficacy:  Confidence is a key component of resilience. By using affirmations and positive self-talk, we can boost our self-esteem and reinforce our belief in our abilities. Statements like “I am good at what I do” or “I have the skills to succeed” can help to build a strong foundation of self-efficacy, making us more resilient in the face of stress. 4. Regulating Emotions:  Self-talk can also help us to manage our emotions more effectively. By acknowledging our feelings and talking ourselves through stressful situations, we can maintain a sense of control and prevent negative emotions from escalating. For instance, reminding yourself “It’s okay to feel stressed, but I can handle it” can help to calm nerves and maintain emotional balance. Practical Tips for Developing Positive Self-Talk 1. Awareness and Mindfulness:  The first step in developing positive self-talk is becoming aware of your current inner dialogue. Mindfulness practices, such as meditation or journaling, can help you to observe your thoughts without judgment and identify patterns of negative thinking. 2. Challenge Negative Thoughts:  When you catch yourself engaging in negative self-talk, challenge those thoughts. Ask yourself if they are based on facts or assumptions, and consider more positive or realistic alternatives. 3. Use Affirmations:  Incorporate positive affirmations into your daily routine. These are simple, positive statements that you can repeat to yourself to reinforce positive thinking. For example, “I am capable of handling anything that comes my way” or “I am growing and improving every day.” 4. Practice Gratitude:  Focusing on the positive aspects of your life and work can shift your mindset from negativity to appreciation. Take a few moments each day to reflect on what you are grateful for, and incorporate these thoughts into your self-talk. 5. Seek Support:  Sometimes, it can be helpful to talk to a trusted friend, colleague, or mentor about your thoughts and feelings. They can provide valuable perspectives and help you to develop more positive self-talk. At Behavioural Edge Consulting, we support talented professionals like you to build key skills like self-talk to manage stress and get your edge above the rest. The point. Incorporating positive self-talk into your daily routine can have a profound impact on your resilience to stress at work. By reframing negative thoughts, enhancing problem-solving skills, boosting confidence, and regulating emotions, you can build a stronger, more resilient mindset. Remember, resilience is not about eliminating stress, but about navigating it with grace and strength. So, start practicing positive self-talk today and watch how it transforms your work life for the better.

Your Sign to Get Your Edge . My story I embarked on this career path after completing my undergraduate and graduate studies in psychology. I am a registered psychologist with Ahpra endorsement in organisational psychology. It takes time and effort to become a professional! ​I earned my PhD in 2023 and have published peer-reviewed research on subjects such as leadership, management, psychological safety and trust at work, and organisational change. I read and write a lot... With over a decade of experience, I have worked within organisations to support their strategic people development agendas, gaining experience in people management and executive leadership.  I advanced in my career because of my technical expertise. Throughout my career, I repeatedly observed a common issue: brilliant minds and technical experts would advance to leadership roles. Their expertise was honed through formal education, qualifications, and on-the-job experience. However, these exceptional individuals often lacked adequate support to enhance their people and relational skills, as well as their self-care abilities. What consistently followed for these individuals? Fatigue, stress, errors, suboptimal behaviour, and burnout. This outcome was detrimental both to the person and the organisation. ​ Talent is not a commodity, it is an investment. The workplace is not stable, it is a complex and adapting system. Professionals need replenishment and development to thrive. My aim is to help break this cycle. I provide support to individuals and organisations so that these highly talented and valuable professionals can thrive in the workplace. ​We invest significant time, money, and energy into developing technical skills (university degrees, professional associations, continuous professional development, etc.) that produce results. It stands to reason that if we want to excel at work, we need to invest in our interpersonal skills and coping strategies.  This story is not unique. I believe what I observed is very representative of the contemporary workplace and it is unlikely to become easier. If this resonates with you, reach out. I can assist. Contact me to for a free, confidential discussion about how we can help you get your edge above the rest. Come back for more at Get Your Edge . You can find interesting pieces, based on empirical, peer-reviewed academic literature, about real challenges facing talented professionals and how to overcome them.

Stress has become an all-too-familiar companion for many professionals. While a certain level of stress can be motivating and even beneficial, chronic stress can have detrimental effects on an individual's performance at work. The Physical Toll of Stress Stress triggers the body's "fight or flight" response, releasing hormones like adrenaline and cortisol. While these hormones can be helpful in short bursts, prolonged exposure can lead to various physical health issues, including: Fatigue and exhaustion:  Chronic stress depletes energy levels, leading to persistent fatigue and exhaustion, which can significantly reduce productivity and efficiency. Sleep dsturbances:  Stress often interferes with sleep patterns, resulting in insomnia or poor-quality sleep. This lack of rest can impair cognitive function, decision-making, and overall job performance. Weakened immune system:  Prolonged stress weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to illnesses. Frequent sick days can disrupt workflow and hinder performance. The Emotional and Mental Impact The effects of stress extend beyond physical health, impacting emotional and mental well-being. Key areas affected include: Cognitive function:  Chronic stress impairs cognitive functions such as memory, attention, and concentration. This can lead to mistakes, missed deadlines, and reduced problem-solving abilities. Emotional regulation:  High stress levels can make it difficult to manage emotions, leading to increased irritability, mood swings, and conflicts with colleagues. A tense work environment can hinder collaboration and teamwork. Motivation and engagement:  Persistent stress can sap motivation and reduce engagement with work tasks. Employees may feel overwhelmed, leading to procrastination, lower job satisfaction, and diminished enthusiasm. The Ripple Effect on Workplace Performance The cumulative effects of stress on physical, emotional, and mental health inevitably translate into decreased workplace performance. Some of the key impacts include: Reduced productivity:  Stressed professionals often struggle to maintain their usual levels of productivity. Tasks may take longer to complete, and the quality of work may suffer. Increased time off from work:  As stress takes a toll on health, employees are more likely to take time off work. Increased absence from work can disrupt productivity and outcomes. Higher intention to quit:  Chronic stress can lead to burnout, causing professsioals to seek alternative opportunities. With so much effort and resources invested in education and qualitifcations, stress can counter that. Strategies for Mitigating Workplace Stress Addressing workplace stress requires a proactive approach. Access your support resources in your organisation (e.g., EAP and wellbeing programs). If you do not have access to support services at work, then contact Behavioural Edge Psycholgy to learn how we can support you. Conclusion While stress is an inevitable part of working life, its impact on performance can be managed with the right strategies and support systems. By fostering a healthy approach to work relationships, promoting work-life balance, and providing stress-management resources, professionals can thrive and achieve their full potential. Recognising the hidden costs of stress and taking proactive measures to address it is essential for building a resilience and success.

In today's fast-paced work environment, you cannot rely solely on technical skills to lead effectively. Emotional intelligence (EI) has become vital for success. By understanding and managing emotions, as well as empathising with others, emotionally intelligent professionals contribute to positive workplace cultures and employee engagement. Studies show that emotionally intelligent workplaces can see up to a 30% increase in employee performance and a 60% improvement in employee satisfaction . Understanding Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence has five key components: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. Each of these plays a crucial role in shaping leader-employee interactions, resolving conflicts, and enhancing collaboration. Self-Awareness : This is the cornerstone of emotional intelligence. Leaders who are self-aware understand how their emotions affect their actions and decisions. For instance, a clinician who recognises their frustration during a stressful interaction can take a step back and communicate calmly with the care team, rather than letting their emotions dictate their responses. Self-Regulation : After understanding their emotions, professionals must manage them. Self-regulation enables us to pause and think before reacting. For example, a project manager who stays composed during a crisis can make better decisions. Motivation : Emotionally intelligent professionals inspire others by focusing on internal motivation rather than external rewards. They articulate a clear vision and connects with clients goals. A prime example is how high-performing companies like Google encourage employees to pursue projects that resonate with their passions, leading to increased job satisfaction. Empathy : This involves understanding the feelings of others. Empathetic professionals can build strong trust with their clients. By actively listening, communicating clearly, being transparent, offering empathy, providing regular updates, and ensuring confidentiality, a lawyer can make the legal process less daunting and more manageable for their clients. Social Skills : Effective communication and conflict resolution are essential components of emotional intelligence. Professionals with strong social skills navigate interpersonal dynamics skillfully. For example, a medical leader may encourage open discussion during morbidity and mortality meetings, ensuring colleagues feel heard and their contributions valued, which fosters collaboration and better outcomes for learning to improve patient care. Strategies for Developing Emotional Intelligence Though some individuals naturally possess higher emotional intelligence, it can be cultivated over time. Here are strategies to enhance emotional intelligence: Seek Feedback : Professionals should regularly ask for feedback from colleagues about their emotional responses. This can provide insights about how their behavior is perceived and highlight areas for growth. Practice Mindfulness : Engaging in mindfulness practices—like meditation or journaling—can increase self-awareness and self-regulation. These practices help professionals reflect on their emotions and reactions, enabling them to respond thoughtfully. Empathy Exercises : Participating in role-playing exercises can be beneficial. When professionals simulate situations from another's perspective, they gain a deeper understanding of different emotional states, enabling more compassionate responses. Enhance Communication Skills : Actively listening and recognising nonverbal cues can significantly improve a professional's social skills. By responding sensitively to others' needs, leaders foster trust and collaboration. Continual Learning : Gaining exposure from resources focused on emotional intelligence can offer professionals fresh insights. Learning from experts and sharing experiences with peers can provide support for ongoing development. Final Thoughts The role of emotional intelligence in effective leadership is significant. Organisations that prioritise emotional intelligence witness enhanced collaboration, trust, and employee wellbeing. Professionals with emotional intelligence are not just skilled at achieving results; they also cultivate environments where they can thrive. This ultimately leads to long-term success. In our ever-evolving work landscape, leveraging emotional intelligence is a critical step toward being effective at work. By embracing these skills, professionals become more engaged, motivated, and happy.

When life feels overwhelming or progress seems stalled, finding the right support can make all the difference. I’ve seen firsthand how behavioural coaching can transform challenges into opportunities for growth. In St Kilda, a unique approach to coaching is gaining attention for its practical, empathetic, and results-driven methods. This is where Behavioural Edge Psychology steps in, offering tailored strategies that help individuals and organisations thrive. Behavioural coaching is more than just advice or motivation. It’s a structured process that helps you understand your patterns, develop new skills, and build resilience. Whether you’re navigating personal hurdles, seeking clarity in your career, or managing complex workplace dynamics, behavioural coaching provides a clear path forward. Understanding Behavioural Coaching Benefits Behavioural coaching focuses on identifying and modifying behaviours that impact your success and well-being. It’s grounded in psychology and practical application, making it accessible and effective for a wide range of people. Here’s what behavioural coaching can do for you: Increase self-awareness: Recognise habits and thought patterns that hold you back. Enhance decision-making: Learn to respond thoughtfully rather than react impulsively. Build emotional resilience: Manage stress and setbacks with greater ease. Improve communication: Develop skills to express yourself clearly and listen actively. Set and achieve goals: Create realistic, actionable plans that align with your values. I often find that clients appreciate the gentle yet firm guidance behavioural coaching offers. It’s not about quick fixes but sustainable change. The benefits ripple through all areas of life, from personal relationships to professional success. Behavioural coaching available in St Kilda and easily accessible from surrounding suburbs How Behavioural Edge Psychology in St Kilda Stands Out St Kilda is a vibrant community with diverse needs. Behavioural Edge Psychology has tailored its services to meet these demands with a unique blend of expertise and empathy. What sets this coaching apart? Personalised approach: Every individual’s story is different. The coaching adapts to your specific context and goals. Evidence-based methods: Techniques are grounded in the latest psychological research. Holistic focus: It’s not just about behaviour but also mindset, environment, and emotional health. Support for neurodivergence: Specialised assessments and coaching for neurodivergent adults help unlock potential often overlooked. Organisational consulting: Beyond individuals, Behavioural Edge Psychology supports teams and legal professionals to improve workplace dynamics and productivity. I’ve witnessed how this approach creates a safe space for honest reflection and growth. The coaches listen deeply and challenge gently, helping you step into your best self. Coaching offered in person and virtually Practical Steps to Engage with Behavioural Coaching If you’re considering behavioural coaching, it helps to know what to expect and how to prepare. Here’s a simple guide to get started: Identify your goals: What do you want to change or improve? Be as specific as possible. Choose the right coach: Look for credentials, experience, and a coaching style that resonates with you. Commit to the process: Behavioural change takes time and effort. Be ready to engage fully. Participate actively: Coaching is a partnership. Bring openness and honesty to sessions. Apply learnings consistently: Practice new behaviours outside of coaching to build lasting habits. Review progress regularly: Reflect on what’s working and adjust goals as needed. I recommend starting with a consultation to discuss your needs and see if the coaching relationship feels right. The clarity you gain from this initial step often motivates continued commitment. Why Behavioural Coaching Benefits Professionals and Organisations Professionals and organisations face unique pressures - high stakes, complex interactions, and demanding workloads. Behavioural coaching offers targeted support to navigate these challenges effectively. Stress management: Learn techniques to reduce burnout and maintain focus. Conflict resolution: Develop skills to handle disputes constructively. Leadership development: Enhance your ability to inspire and guide teams. Communication skills: Improve clarity and persuasion in negotiations and presentations. Team dynamics: Foster collaboration and trust within your organisation. For organisations, investing in behavioural coaching can lead to improved morale, productivity, and retention. It’s a strategic move that benefits both individuals and the broader workplace culture. Taking the Next Step with Behavioural Edge Psychology If you’re ready to explore how behavioural coaching can support your journey, I encourage you to connect with me . I am dedicated to helping you unlock your full potential through personalised coaching and psychological services. Remember, change is a process, not a destination. With the right guidance, you can build new habits, overcome obstacles, and create a life that feels more aligned with your true self. I’ve seen many people transform their outlook and capabilities through behavioural coaching. It’s a journey worth taking, and my St Kilda rooms offers a welcoming, professional environment to begin. Embracing Growth and Wellbeing Every Day Behavioural coaching is not just for moments of crisis or transition. It’s a valuable tool for ongoing personal and professional development. By embracing this approach, you commit to continuous learning and self-care. Here are some simple ways to integrate behavioural coaching principles into your daily life: Practice mindfulness to increase awareness of your thoughts and feelings. Set small, achievable goals to build momentum. Reflect regularly on your progress and challenges. Seek feedback from trusted peers or mentors. Celebrate your successes, no matter how small. Each step forward builds confidence and resilience. Over time, these habits create a foundation for lasting well-being and success. Behavioural Edge Psychology in St Kilda offers a compassionate, expert partnership for anyone ready to grow. Whether you’re seeking clarity, coping strategies, or leadership skills, behavioural coaching can be the key to unlocking your potential. I invite you to explore this opportunity and take the first step toward a more empowered future.

Progress with Complex PTSD is not what most people expect. It is not about feeling better all the time, staying calm every day, or functioning as though nothing ever happened. Those expectations fundamentally misunderstand how survival works and what recovery truly requires. Awareness Itself is Progress Sometimes, progress shows up quietly as awareness. You might notice that you are dysregulated a bit sooner than before. Perhaps you suddenly understand why something that seems small to others feels impossibly hard for you. You start recognising patterns in your responses instead of defaulting to self-blame. This shift in understanding, or being able to see what is happening rather than being completely inside it, is itself a form of healing. Less Intensity, Not Absence of Intensity Triggers may still happen. That is part of having a nervous system shaped by trauma. But progress might mean those triggers last a little less time, feel slightly less overwhelming, or become easier to recover from. The intensity reduces, even if it does not disappear. That absolutely counts as progress, even when it does not feel like enough. Behavioural Shifts Matter, Even Without Confidence Progress often appears in what you do, not necessarily how you feel while doing it. You might set a boundary while your heart is racing with fear. You might choose rest even when guilt is screaming at you. You might prioritise safety over old patterns of self-punishment. You do not have to feel confident or comfortable for these actions to be meaningful progress. Sometimes, doing the thing despite the fear is exactly what healing looks like. The Mess is Part of the Process Recovery from CPTSD is rarely linear or tidy. Progress can include steps forward and steps back. Old symptoms may resurface when you thought you had moved past them, or you might need more support rather than less. This does not mean you are failing or doing it wrong. It means you are actively processing trauma that your system has held for a long time. The mess is often a sign of deep work happening. Our Experience For us, progress has not looked impressive or obvious. It has shown up in catching spirals earlier before they completely take over. It has meant being gentler with our body when it is struggling. Gradually, we have come to understand that survival shaped us in specific ways, and those adaptations made sense in context. That shift in self-understanding has mattered more than we expected. Nervous System Work is the Foundation Progress is not about becoming a different person or erasing what happened. It is about building moments of safety in your body. It involves slowly reducing the constant sense of threat and helping your nervous system learn that it does not have to stay on high alert forever. This is slow work. Slow change is still meaningful change. If your healing does not look impressive, polished, or linear, you are not doing it wrong. You are healing Complex PTSD, and that work takes time. It takes as long as it takes. Seeking Support If you are navigating Complex PTSD or trauma and would like trauma-informed support, I am here. You can learn more or get in touch at www.behavourialedgepsychology.com . Remember, you are not alone in this journey. Inspired by a post from @Healing.the.mosaic

Taking the first step toward seeing a psychologist is a significant act of courage. It is entirely normal to feel a mix of hope, nervousness, and uncertainty about what that first session at Behavioural Edge Psychology will actually involve. I believe that feeling safe and informed is the first step toward effective change. This guide demystifies the initial appointment, so you can walk into our Caulfield South, St Kilda, or Telehealth rooms feeling ready and supported. 1. Before You Arrive: The Logistics Your focus should be on preparing yourself mentally, but there are a few simple items that make the start of the session seamless. Initial Paperwork:  I will send you some brief intake forms ahead of time. These cover basic contact details and consent to treatment. Completing these beforehand saves valuable session time. Referral Information (If Applicable):  If you are attending under a Mental Health Care Plan (MHCP) from your GP, please email or bring your referral letter and the plan details. Finding Your Space:  We offer sessions in our welcoming rooms in Caulfield South  and Brighton East , or via Telehealth  for Australian residents. If attending in person, we recommend arriving 5–10 minutes early to settle in. If joining online, ensure you are in a quiet, private space where you will not be disturbed. 2. Setting the Foundation: Confidentiality & Trust The first 10-15 minutes of the session is dedicated to setting the framework for our work together. This is crucial for establishing the therapeutic relationship . The Non-Judgmental Space I will start by welcoming you and explaining my process. The key takeaways will be: Confidentiality: Everything you share is strictly confidential. I will clearly outline the ethical and legal limits of confidentiality (e.g., duty of care if there is a risk of serious harm to yourself or others). My Approach:  I practice client-centred, evidence-based therapy , drawing on trauma-informed Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy .  This means I tailor the approach to you, using scientifically supported methods to ensure effective, holistic care. Your Questions:  This is your opportunity to ask any logistical questions about fees, cancellations, or the therapeutic style. 3. The Core of the First Session: Assessment & Discovery Much of your initial session is dedicated to intake and assessment . Think of this as a structured conversation where we get to know each other, your history, and your world. What We Will Explore (What Brought You Here) I will be guided by open-ended questions designed to understand your current situation fully. You do not  need to have the perfect answer; honesty and openness are the only requirements. The Presenting Concern:  "What has brought you to therapy at this time in your life?" and "How is this concern impacting your daily life, work, and relationships?" Your History:  We will gently touch on your background, significant life events, and support systems to understand the context of your challenges. Past Experiences:  If you have had therapy before, we will explore what was helpful, what was not, and what you would like to do differently this time. Areas of Focus:  Since Behavioural Edge Psychology supports both individual wellbeing and professional growth, we will explore specific challenges like: Stress and Burnout Anxiety or Depression Trauma and Emotional Difficulties Career Stagnation or Performance Issues What NOT to Expect It is important to manage expectations for this initial meeting: No Quick Fixes:  You will not leave with all your problems solved. The first session is about diagnosis and formulation, not immediate intervention. No Pressure to Over-Share:  You set the pace. If a topic feels too painful or difficult, it is perfectly fine to say, "I'm not ready to discuss that yet." I respect your boundaries. No Judgment:  Our space is one of radical acceptance. You are not "too much," and there is nothing you can share that will be met with judgment. 4. Before You Leave: Setting a Direction In the final part of the session, I will bring the conversation to a close by collaborating with you on a path forward. Initial Goal Setting:  We will collaboratively define what success looks like for you. This might involve short-term goals (e.g., "manage stress levels this week") and long-term goals (e.g., "process past trauma" or "achieve a promotion"). Treatment Plan:  I will provide a preliminary outline of the treatment approach and the frequency of sessions recommended to achieve your goals. Re-Booking: You will have the opportunity to schedule your next session, usually for the following week, as consistency is key in the early stages of building rapport and momentum. The most important outcome of your first session is that you walk away feeling heard, respected, and clear  that you have found the right partner to help you be your best. Ready to Take the Next Step? I welcome new clients for individual therapy, career coaching, and organisational consulting. 🔗  Click here to book directly  or contact me  for more information about starting your therapy journey with Behavioural Edge Psychology.

By Dr. Sarah Fischer, MAPS, Principal Psychologist at Behavioural Edge Psychology, December 2025 The events of Sunday, 14 December 2025 at Bondi Beach have left our nation reeling. Fifteen lives were lost, including a 10-year-old child, and more than 40 people were injured in what authorities have confirmed as a targeted terrorist attack on a community Hanukkah celebration. As a psychologist with experience treating a range of trauma conditions, I have watched our collective response unfold with both professional understanding and profound grief. This tragedy, combined with the ongoing reverberations of Australia’s COVID-19 lockdown experiences, raises crucial questions about the relationship between government actions, or inactions, and the psychological wellbeing of citizens. This article takes two of many government actions and decisions that have the potential to cause trauma in its citizens as examples only to illustrate a point about social wellbeing. It is not meant to discount any other examples, such as those listed here in this article’s appendix . The Psychology of Government-Induced Trauma When we think about trauma, we typically focus on discrete events: accidents, assaults, natural disasters. However, psychological research has long recognised that trauma can also result from systemic failures, policy decisions, and the actions, or conspicuous absence of actions, by those entrusted with our safety and wellbeing. Government-induced trauma operates at multiple levels simultaneously. At the individual level, people may experience direct harm, loss, or terror. At the community level, there is collective grief, fractured social cohesion, and erosion of trust. At the systemic level, repeated exposure to governmental failures can fundamentally alter how citizens relate to authority, perceive their safety, and engage with civic life. This form of trauma is particularly insidious because it involves a violation of what psychologists call the 'social contract', which is the implicit agreement that governments will act in the interests of citizen safety and wellbeing. When this contract is breached, the psychological impact extends far beyond the immediate victims. Bondi Beach: A Preventable Tragedy? The Bondi Beach attack did not occur in a vacuum. Australia's Jewish community has experienced a documented surge in antisemitic incidents since October 2023, with the Executive Council of Australian Jewry recording over 1,600 anti-Jewish incidents between October 2024 and September of that year alone. In August 2024, the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation elevated the national terrorism threat level from 'possible' to 'probable', explicitly citing tensions related to the Gaza conflict. Despite these clear warning signs, a large public gathering celebrating the first night of Hanukkah at one of Australia's most iconic locations proceeded with what appears, from emerging reports, to have been inadequate security measures. The psychological impact of this is profound and multifaceted. For the direct victims and their families, there is acute traumatic grief compounded by the knowledge that this attack was foreseeable. For the broader Jewish community, there is the trauma of targeted violence combined with the perception that their repeated concerns were not adequately addressed. For all Australians, there is the unsettling realisation that our systems failed to protect vulnerable citizens at a moment of celebration. This sense of systemic failure creates what trauma researchers call 'institutional betrayal', or the psychological distress that occurs when an institution causes harm to individuals who depend on that institution for safety. The impact of institutional betrayal often exceeds the trauma of the precipitating event itself because it fundamentally undermines trust and security. The Compounding Effect of Historical Context For Australian Jewish communities, the Bondi attack cannot be separated from decades of vigilance, multiple previous attacks on Jewish institutions globally, and the lived experience of rising antisemitism. This is not a single traumatic event, It is the latest in a series that creates a state of chronic hypervigilance and reinforces the message that safety cannot be assumed, even in spaces that should be secure. COVID Lockdowns: A Different Kind of Government-Induced Trauma Australia's response to COVID-19, particularly in Victoria and New South Wales, was among the strictest in the developed world. Melbourne endured 262 days of lockdown, which was the longest of any city globally. While public health measures were necessary to save lives, the psychological cost of these interventions was substantial and continues to reverberate through our communities. The trauma of lockdowns was multidimensional: Social isolation and disconnection : Extended separation from loved ones, inability to access normal support systems, and the psychological impact of prolonged solitude. Economic devastation : Business closures, job losses, and financial insecurity that created chronic stress and uncertainty Grief without ritual : Inability to properly farewell dying relatives, restrictions on funerals and mourning practices, and the complicated grief that results Developmental disruption for children and adolescents : Critical periods of social and educational development occurring in isolation Moral injury : Healthcare workers and essential workers forced to work in unsafe conditions while others remained isolated Erosion of trust in institutions : Constantly changing rules, perceived inconsistencies in enforcement, and polarised public discourse What made lockdown trauma particularly complex was the absence of a clear threat perception. Unlike Bondi Beach, where the danger was immediately identifiable, COVID-19 was invisible. This created a situation where the government restrictions themselves, such as the curfews, the five-kilometre radius limits, the inability to travel to see dying relatives, became the most tangible source of distress for many people. Research emerging from this period consistently shows elevated rates of anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress symptoms, and substance use disorders. For many Australians, the lockdowns represented a profound loss of autonomy and agency, which are fundamental psychological needs, imposed by the very government meant to protect their wellbeing. The Long Shadow of Policy Decisions What makes government-induced trauma from lockdowns particularly challenging is the ongoing debate about proportionality and necessity. Unlike the Bondi attack, which is universally condemned as preventable violence, lockdown measures remain contested. This means that many people are left without validation for their suffering, creating a form of disenfranchised grief where their pain is not socially recognised or supported. Common Mechanisms of Government-Induced Trauma While the Bondi attack and COVID lockdowns appear superficially different, they share underlying mechanisms that create psychological harm: Betrayal of trust : The expectation that government will protect citizens is violated, whether through inadequate security or through policies that cause harm Loss of control and agency : Citizens are rendered powerless in the face of governmental decisions or failures Shattered assumptions : Fundamental beliefs about safety, fairness, and social cohesion are disrupted Absence of accountability : When those responsible are not held accountable, it compounds the psychological injury Collective versus individual needs : Tension between what is deemed necessary for public safety and the rights or needs of individuals The Path Forward: Healing and Systemic Change Healing from government-induced trauma requires action at multiple levels. For Individuals and Communities Validation : Your distress in response to governmental failures or harmful policies is legitimate and understandable Connection : Seek out others who share your experience. Collective trauma is best processed collectively Professional support : Trauma-informed psychological support can help process institutional betrayal and rebuild a sense of safety Advocacy : Channel grief and anger into demands for systemic change and accountability Realistic expectations : Healing from institutional betrayal takes time and occurs in fits and starts For Government and Institutions Acknowledgment : Explicitly recognise when policies or failures have caused harm Transparency : Be honest about what went wrong, what was known when, and what decisions were made Accountability : Those responsible for failures must face appropriate consequences Systemic reform : Implement changes to prevent similar failures in future Support for affected communities : Provide accessible, trauma-informed mental health services without financial barriers Conclusion The Bondi Beach attack and the COVID-19 lockdowns represent different forms of government-related trauma, but both illustrate a fundamental truth: when institutions fail in their duty to protect and support citizens, the psychological consequences extend far beyond the immediate harm. The grief of families who lost loved ones at Bondi Beach, the exhaustion of healthcare workers pushed beyond sustainable limits, the despair of business owners who lost their livelihoods, the anxiety of children whose development was disrupted. All of these represent legitimate psychological injuries that deserve recognition and redress. As we grapple with these events, it is crucial that we expand our understanding of trauma to include the harm that can be inflicted by governmental action or inaction. Only by acknowledging this reality can we begin the difficult work of healing and ensure that our institutions truly serve the psychological wellbeing of all citizens. From a personal perspective, as an American who immigrated to Australia, I can acknowledge these issues and still love this country. In fact, I have far more faith in our government here than I do abroad to address these issues. I hope Australia does not let me down. If you have been affected by the Bondi Beach attack or are experiencing ongoing distress related to the pandemic: •            NSW Mental Health Line: 1800 011 511 (24/7) •            Lifeline: 13 11 14 (24/7) •            Victims Services (Bondi Beach incident): 1800 411 822 •            Jewish Community Services: 1300 133 660 Behavioural Edge Psychology specialises in trauma-informed care and can provide support for individuals and communities affected by collective trauma. Contact me to discuss how I can help. Appendix Based on documented evidence and psychological research, here are several Australian government actions and policies that have been or could be trauma-inducing: Child Protection and Institutional Systems Out-of-home care practices : Repeated placement disruptions, separation from siblings, inadequate support for kinship carers, and the documented failures leading to abuse within the system. The trauma is compounded by institutional betrayal when the system meant to protect children causes additional harm. Historical forced adoptions : The forced removal of babies from unmarried mothers (1950s-1970s), now recognised through national apologies, created intergenerational trauma that continues to affect families. Immigration and Detention Offshore detention and processing : Prolonged indefinite detention on Nauru and Manus Island, particularly affecting children. The psychological harm has been extensively documented, including high rates of self-harm, suicide attempts, and what mental health professionals termed "traumatic withdrawal syndrome" in children. Temporary Protection Visas and uncertainty : Leaving asylum seekers in indefinite limbo without permanent residency pathways creates chronic stress and prevents psychological recovery from pre-migration trauma. Immigration detention of children : Although officially ended, the practice and its psychological consequences continue to reverberate. Indigenous Affairs The Stolen Generations : The forced removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families (continuing into the 1970s), which created profound intergenerational trauma still affecting communities today. Closing the Gap failures : Persistent health, education, and economic disparities despite policy commitments represent ongoing systemic neglect that compounds historical trauma. Deaths in custody : The failure to implement recommendations from the 1991 Royal Commission, with Indigenous deaths in custody continuing at disproportionate rates, creates ongoing community trauma and reinforces distrust. Income Management/Cashless Debit Card : The compulsory quarantining of welfare payments in Indigenous communities, which many psychologists argued undermined autonomy and dignity. Northern Territory Intervention : The 2007 emergency response that suspended the Racial Discrimination Act and imposed measures many Indigenous leaders described as traumatic and paternalistic. Disability Services NDIS implementation failures : The National Disability Insurance Scheme's complex bureaucracy, inconsistent decision-making, funding cuts, and access barriers have created significant stress for people with disabilities and their families. The gap between promise and delivery constitutes a form of institutional betrayal. Institutionalisation and restrictive practices : Historical and ongoing use of restraint, seclusion, and institutionalisation of people with disabilities. Royal Commission findings : The Disability Royal Commission revealed widespread abuse in disability services, with government oversight failures enabling systemic harm. Robodebt Scandal One of the most clear-cut examples of government-induced trauma: the automated debt recovery system that wrongly accused hundreds of thousands of welfare recipients of fraud, resulting in: Psychological distress from false accusations Financial devastation from unlawful debt collection At least three confirmed suicides linked to the scheme Institutional betrayal by a system meant to provide support The Royal Commission's findings explicitly confirmed systemic failure and harm Public Housing and Homelessness Public housing tower lockdowns (2020) : The hard lockdown of Melbourne public housing towers with no notice, affecting predominantly immigrant and refugee communities already experiencing trauma. Chronic underfunding and waitlists : Years-long waiting lists for public housing while people live in unsafe or unstable conditions creates ongoing chronic stress. Social housing demolitions : Forced relocations from established communities, particularly affecting vulnerable populations. Mental Health System Failures Inadequate acute care : Inability to access timely psychiatric care, people in crisis being turned away from emergency departments, and the use of police as first responders to mental health crises. Discharge without support : Releasing people from involuntary treatment without adequate community support systems. Healthcare Rationing and Access Medicare rebate freeze : The effective reduction in healthcare affordability, particularly affecting people with chronic conditions who require ongoing specialist care. Dental care exclusion : The absence of comprehensive dental care in Medicare creates health disparities and preventable suffering. Rural healthcare gaps : Systemic under-resourcing of rural and remote healthcare creates geographic health inequality. Environmental Policy Failures Climate change inaction : For young people especially, government failure to adequately address climate change has been linked to "climate anxiety" and eco-grief. Bushfire responses : The 2019-2020 Black Summer bushfires revealed gaps in disaster preparedness and response, with communities feeling abandoned. Veterans Affairs Claims processing delays : Veterans waiting years for legitimate compensation claims while experiencing financial hardship and psychological distress. Inadequate mental health support : Documented failures in providing timely, adequate mental health care for veterans with PTSD and other service-related conditions. Employment and Social Security Mutual obligations during crises : Maintaining strict welfare compliance requirements during disasters or when jobs are unavailable creates additional stress. Workplace safety enforcement failures : When workplace deaths occur despite known risks, families experience institutional betrayal alongside grief. Criminal Justice Wrongful convictions : Cases like those revealed by the Royal Commission into the Robodebt Scheme show how systemic failures can destroy lives. Bail and remand practices : People held on remand for extended periods, particularly affecting Indigenous people and those with mental health conditions. Post-sentence detention schemes : Continuing detention of people beyond their sentence completion creates ongoing psychological distress. Youth Justice Use of spit hoods and restraints : Particularly in Don Dale (Northern Territory) and other youth detention facilities, as revealed by royal commissions. Raising the age failures : Despite evidence that children under 14 shouldn't be in criminal justice systems, implementation has been slow or resisted. Common Psychological Mechanisms These diverse examples share common features: Broken trust : The government as protector becomes source of harm Powerlessness : Citizens unable to escape or change the situation Invisibility : Marginalised groups disproportionately affected Lack of accountability : Inquiries and reports often don't lead to meaningful change Compounding : These policies often affect people already experiencing trauma Legitimacy confusion : When harm is state-sanctioned, victims may struggle to validate their own distress From a trauma psychology perspective, what makes these particularly damaging is that they often affect people who are already vulnerable and who have limited power to advocate for themselves. The institutional betrayal aspect, where the very systems meant to help instead cause harm, creates complex psychological injury that is difficult to treat because it undermines the foundational trust needed for healing.

One of the most frequent questions I hear at Behavioural Edge Psychology  is, "How long will this take?" It is a fair question! Starting therapy is a big step and knowing what to expect (both in terms of time and cost) is crucial. The truth is, there is no magic number, but I can give you a clear framework based on the latest research and, importantly, the Australian financial context. The short answer? Most people benefit significantly from a focused course of 6 to 12 sessions . However, your unique goals and the kind of support you need will ultimately decide the journey. The Two Key Questions That Determine Your Timeline The duration of your therapy typically comes down to two major factors: your goal  and your funding . Your Goal: Symptom Relief vs. Deep Change Are you aiming for a quick 'fix' for a specific problem, or are you looking to rebuild the foundations of how you operate? Goal Session Count Focus & Rationale Short-Term (Crisis or Skills-Based) 6 to 12 sessions You want to manage a specific, recent problem (e.g., a phobia, a recent breakup, or situational anxiety). The focus is on learning Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)  or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)  skills to manage symptoms now. Medium-Term (Complex Issues) 12 to 20+ sessions You have long-standing issues, moderate depression/anxiety, or have experienced complex trauma. You need time to not only learn skills but also to identify and change deep-seated behavioural and emotional patterns. Long-Term (Deep Growth) Months to Years You are seeking deep personal growth, emotional regulation skills (like DBT ), or want to explore patterns stemming from childhood ( Psychodynamic Therapy ). This is about rebuilding core self-worth, not just managing symptoms.   Your Funding: The Medicare Factor In Australia, the number of sessions is often heavily influenced by the Medicare Better Access initiative . With a valid Mental Health Treatment Plan (MHTP) from your GP, you are eligible for a rebate on up to 10 individual sessions per calendar year . For many, this block of 10 sessions becomes the default treatment length, even if more support might be clinically beneficial. Note: As of July 1, 2025, the rebate for a psychologist is $98.98  and for a for a 50+ minute session, subject to change. Because the Medicare rebate often does not cover the full session fee, you will pay a "gap" (out-of-pocket amount). This financial consideration is a key factor in how long people choose to stay in therapy. Check out my fees and client information page for more information. Finding the Right Frequency: Weekly, Fortnightly, or Monthly? How often you see your psychologist should depend on where you are in your journey. I often recommend a ‘tapering’ approach to build momentum and then transition to independence. Weekly Sessions: Starting Strong (The Gold Standard) When: The first four sessions  or during a period of acute crisis/distress. Why: Weekly consistency is critical for building rapport  and momentum . It allows you to quickly learn new tools, process difficult emotions, and prevents you from spending half the session just catching up on what happened since your last visit. Fortnightly Sessions: The Active Work Phase When: The middle stage of therapy, after you have established some basic skills. Why: A two-week break gives you essential real-world practice . You need time to evaluate your new coping strategies, fail, and succeed, and then bring that valuable data back to your next session. Monthly Sessions: Maintenance and Check-Ins When: The final stage of your plan, or for long-term support. Why: Monthly sessions act like a tune-up . You are managing well on your own, but these sessions help to reinforce positive changes, catch early signs of relapse, and ensure you stay aligned with your values. A common strategy to get the most out of the Medicare rebate:  Many clients choose a schedule like four weekly sessions (for momentum), followed by four-six fortnightly sessions  (for practice), and then two-four monthly sessions  (for review and consolidation). this spreads 10 sessions across approximately two to four months and offers flexibility based on client needs. Ready to Take the First Step? Starting therapy is an investment in yourself, your relationships, and your future. Our goal at Behavioural Edge Psychology is to make that journey as clear, focused, and effective as possible. I believe therapy works best when it is collaborative, and that begins with clear expectations. I am ready to discuss your goals and help you create a plan that fits your life and your budget. Book your consultation today  and let us discuss your personal timeline for change.

Domestic violence remains one of Australia's most pressing social crises. In April 2024, Prime Minister Anthony Albanese declared it a "national crisis", calling for proactive interventions that focus on perpetrators and prevention. Now, groundbreaking research from New South Wales offers a promising new approach using a common antidepressant that could help reduce domestic violence reoffending amongst highly impulsive men. The World-First REINVEST Study The REINVEST trial (REducing Impulsivity IN Repeat ViolEnt Offenders Using a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor) represents a world-first investigation into whether medication can reduce violent behavior. Conducted by researchers from the University of New South Wales and the University of Newcastle, the study screened 1,738 men between 2013 and 2021, with 630 ultimately participating in the randomised, double-blind trial. Participants received either sertraline (a commonly prescribed antidepressant) or a placebo. Neither the participants nor the clinical team knew who received which treatment, ensuring the integrity of the results. Most participants were recruited through community corrections offices and courts across NSW, and approximately 80 per cent had a history of domestic violence offending. Promising Results for Domestic Violence Reduction While the trial's results for general violence were inconclusive, the findings for domestic violence were significant. At 12 months, domestic violence reoffending was lower in the sertraline group at 19.1 percent compared to 24.8 percent in the placebo group. This represents a meaningful reduction in harmful behavior that could protect countless women and children from abuse. The impact extended beyond reoffending rates. During an initial four-week period before randomisation, when all participants received sertraline, researchers observed behavioral changes that occurred before most psychosocial supports could take full effect, demonstrating the medication's direct impact. The Science Behind the Intervention Why does sertraline specifically help with domestic violence? The medication works by enhancing serotonin functioning in the brain, which plays a crucial role in regulating impulse control and emotional responses. For highly impulsive men, this directly addresses a key driver of violence: the inability to pause and regulate emotional reactions. Domestic violence frequently involves emotionally charged, impulsive reactions in intimate relationships, and the type of anger and aggression in these reactive contexts is theorised to be most responsive to regulating brain serotonin neurotransmission. General violence, by contrast, is more diverse and may include premeditated acts that are less reactive in nature. The scientific foundation for this approach isn't new. Research has established a strong relationship between aggression, impulsivity, and serotonergic dysfunction. A 2010 pilot study preceded REINVEST and showed reductions in impulsivity, irritability, anger, and various forms of assault following SSRI treatment. Real-World Impact: Voices from Partners and Family Perhaps the most powerful testament to the trial's effectiveness comes from the women whose lives were directly affected. Researchers conducted in-depth interviews with 27 women (partners and family members of trial participants) living in New South Wales. Most women, 92.3 per cent, reported some or significant changes in impulsivity and domestic violence or intimate partner violence following the participation of related men in the trial. Many changes were observed at multiple levels: individual self-regulation, family feelings of safety, and even social improvements like employment. Overall, 96 per cent of partners reported maintained or increased safety, 85 per cent observed positive behavioural changes in the men, and 77 per cent reported improved personal wellbeing. The qualitative feedback was striking. One participant described his transformation: "I've evolved... I was actually stepping back and listening to what other people had to say before I blew my top." Even more poignantly, one partner shared: "I used to sleep with a hammer under my bed. Since he started this medication, I can sleep more easily, and I don't need to sleep with the hammer any more." The Critical Role of Comprehensive Support The researchers emphasise that medication alone isn't a silver bullet. Analysis revealed the benefit of sertraline in reducing impulsivity and domestic violence when supported with other interventions such as counseling and follow-up support by clinicians. The findings reveal a key relationship: sertraline improves a range of behavioral measures and reduces impulsivity, while comprehensive psychosocial support addresses the trauma, social disadvantage, and unmet needs that maintain patterns of emotional reactivity and violence. This integrated approach is crucial. Many men in the trial had extensive trauma histories, with childhood abuse being common. Addressing these underlying factors through counselling and support amplifies the medication's benefits and helps create lasting behavioural change. Cost-Effectiveness and Practical Implementation Beyond its effectiveness, the REINVEST model offers significant economic advantages. The approach costs about $7,000 per participant annually versus $150,000 for incarceration. This dramatic cost difference makes it an attractive option for governments seeking evidence-based interventions. The model's independence from mainstream government services proved crucial for engagement. Operating through a university research program rather than government systems helped build trust with men who had extensive negative experiences with institutions. This structural element may be as important as the medical intervention itself. NSW Government Investment in Violence Prevention The REINVEST trial has been part of broader NSW Government efforts to combat domestic violence. The NSW Government invested more than $431 million over four years to deliver initiatives working towards reducing domestic violence reoffending by 25 percent. REINVEST was included among evidence-based programs targeting persistent offenders. More recently, the NSW Government has continued to expand its commitment. The 2025-26 Budget includes substantial justice system investments, with $272.7 million for frontline domestic, family, and sexual violence services. However, advocates have expressed concerns that much of this represents continuation of existing funding rather than new investment to meet soaring demand. Limitations and Considerations While the results are promising, the researchers acknowledge this isn't a complete solution. The intervention is designed for a specific population: highly impulsive men with histories of violent offending. It's one tool in a comprehensive ecosystem of domestic violence prevention strategies. The study also highlights the complexity of violence reduction. The medication showed clear effects on domestic violence but inconclusive results for general violence, suggesting that different types of violence may require different interventions. Looking Forward: Prevention Before Harm What makes the REINVEST trial truly groundbreaking is its preventive approach. Rather than solely focusing on supporting victims after violence occurs, this intervention aims to prevent harm before it happens. By addressing the neurobiological and psychological factors that drive impulsive violence, combined with comprehensive support services, it offers a pathway to interrupt cycles of abuse. As domestic violence continues to affect millions of Australians, evidence-based interventions that can reduce reoffending deserve serious consideration. The REINVEST trial demonstrates that when we help men address the psychological, relational, and social factors driving their violent behavior, meaningful change is possible. The research offers hope, not as a magic solution, but as a proven, cost-effective intervention that could be implemented now as part of a broader strategy to build safer communities and protect vulnerable women and children from violence. The REINVEST trial was conducted by the Kirby Institute at the University of New South Wales in partnership with Justice Health New South Wales and received funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council. The research has been published in peer-reviewed journals and represents years of collaborative work across justice, health, and academic sectors.